No. Join . M Publications, Belfast, Northern Ireland, pp 199–212, Smit E, Leeflang P, Gommans S, van den Broek J, van Mil S, Wernars K (2001) Diversity and seasonal fluctuations of the dominant members of the bacterial soil community in a wheat field as determined by cultivation and molecular methods. Under laboratory conditions the shortest period of retting, three days, was achieved withBacillus polymyxa at a temperature of 40°. Sci.16 (v): 453–458. 1976), resulting in the reduction of growth of retting bacteria compared to higher growth observed at initial and middle stage of retting. Google Scholar. Google Scholar, Amann R, Ludwig W (2000) Ribosomal RNA-targeted nucleic acid probes for studies in microbial ecology. Aerobic bacteria involved in the retting of jute. Jute is one of the most versatile bast fibers obtained through the process of retting, which is a result of decomposition of stalks by the indigenous microflora. Jute is one of the most versatile bast fibers obtained through the process of retting, which is a result of decomposition of stalks by the indigenous microflora. Methophilic bacteria found in cold methane seeps forms a symbiotic relationship with deep-sea invertebrates. Retting is facilitated by anaerobic butyric acid bacteria such as Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani and Clostridium perfringens. The authors would like to thank Prof. Nirmalendu Samajpati, Botany Department, Calcutta University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, for his help during collection of jute stems and retting water samples from West Bengal, India. Bacterial Population Structure of the Jute-Retting Environment. Clostridium sp. Such information for jute retting bacteria is yet to be studied. Water retting and dew retting apply anaerobic bacteria fermentation and the fungi colonisation method, respectively, on fibre bundles, to produce enzymes that hydrolyse fibre-binding components. Retting softens the stalks and makes it possible to separate the fibrous material from the unusable material by hand. Water retting is a wet process by which the bundles of cells in the outer layers of the stalk are separated from non-fibrous matter by the removal of pectins and other gummy substances (Zhang, 2003). Jour. From the present study it is understood that inoculation of a specific mixed bacterial culture in combination with 0.5% urea as N-supplement caused faster ribbon retting of jute and kenaf. The fibre bundles were generally well conditions used for the anaerobic strains (Tamburini separated and almost free from extraneous tissues after ª 2009 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2009 The Society for Applied Microbiology, Journal of Applied Microbiology 108 (2010) 194–203 197 Retting by pectinolytic bacteria M. Di Candilo et al. 1944. The water, penetrating to the central stalk portion, swells the inner cells, bursting the outermost layer, thus increasing absorption of both moisture and decay-producing bacteria. Several soil quality parameters influence fiber quality. Nodder, Sarkar, and Chaterjee. Manual of methods for pure culture study of bacteria. Angewandte mikrobiologische Untersuchungen über die Wasserröste der Faserpflanzen. 0 0. nov., to accommodate novel strains of the division ‘Verrucomicrobia’ isolated from rice paddy soil. Prospects of chemical retting of jute. Bacterial populations, especially that of Clostridium butyclicum, are used to separate fibres of jute, hemp, flax, etc, the plants are immersed in water and when they swell, inoculated with bacteria which hydrolyze pectic substance of the cell walls and separate the fibres.These separated fibres are used to make ropes and sacks. Q. Join Yahoo Answers and get 100 points today. J Bacteriol 180:4765–4774, Hughes JB, Hellmann JJ, Ricketts TH, Bohannan BJM (2001) Counting the uncountable: statistical approaches to estimating microbial diversity. Microbial Ecology Anatomy of retted jute. © 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Subscription will auto renew annually. Still have questions? Chem. Rossi, G. 1916. To investigate the presence of microorganisms during the process of jute retting, full-cycle rRNA approach was followed, and two … Agr. Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp 179–218, Sharma HSS, Lefevre J, Boucaud J (1992) Role of microbial enzymes during retting and their effect on fibre characteristics. Three strains ofBacillus macerans, four strains ofB. Retting is a microbial process by which the fibres are separated from the bark and woody core due to removal of pectin, gums and other mucilaginous substances by retting bacteria present in water. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 23:131–144, Chin K-J, Hahn D, Hengstmann U, Liesack W, Janssen PH (1999) Characterization and identification of numerically abundant culturable bacteria from the anoxic bulk soil of rice paddy microcosms. Retting is a process employing the action of microorganisms and moisture on plants to dissolve or rot away much of the cellular tissues and pectins surrounding bast fibre bundles and so facilitating separation of the fibre from the stem. Anonymous. Ribbon retting reduces time of normal retting by 4–5 days. Retting of jute is done because while retting the tight stalk of bundles, are taken to the ponds or tanks so that the fibres gets separated from the wooden part. Microbiology 142:1097–1106, PubMed  Ind. (b) Bisexual flowers are always autogamous. They were classified in 3 genera, Bacillus, Micrococcus, and Pseudomonas and 13 species. It involves microbial decomposition of the unwanted material. Fibre to Fabric Class 6 Extra Questions Value Based (VBQs) Question 1. Microb Ecol 56, 270–282 (2008). DISCUSSION Aniumber of bacteria, both aerobic and anaerobic, are involved in the retting of jute. Ribbon retting conducted in cement retting tank was faster than that in polythene tank. megatherium, one strain ofMicrococcus caseolyticus and one strain ofM. Three strains ofBacillus macerans, four strains ofB. Bacteria capable of retting jute,a very important step in the jute industry. All retting methods except chemical and mechanical retting processes are involving secretion of enzymes by bacteria or fungi under controlled (enzymatic … Nucleic Acids Res 25:4876–4882, Van Sumere C, Sharma H (1991) Analysis of fine flax fibre produced by enzymatic retting. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:5116–5122, Curtis TP, Sloan WT (2004) Prokaryotic diversity and its limits: microbial community structure in nature and implications for microbial ecology. Article  The water, penetrating to the central stalk portion, swells the inner cells, bursting the outermost layer, thus increasing absorption of both moisture and decay-producing bacteria. Appl. J Mol Biol 215:403–410, PubMed  Clostridium butyricum. • The fibres are then mechanically extracted, washed, dried and marketed. B. Butyric acid bacteria. In ribbon retting, ribbons are stripped out mechanically from the stem of mature jute plants, coiled and allowed to ret under water. Chaudhury, S. D. 1953. luteus were isolated and their action on jute stems studied. (University of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Retting largely determines jute fibre quality. Retting microbes consume the non-fibrous cementing materials mainly pectin and hemicellulose. These bacteria grow under low oxygen condition, which can cause hydrolysis of the pectic substances that help to blind the fibers with the stem and make easy for the discharge of the fibers. (c) Chasmogamous flowers are always autogamous. luteus were isolated and their action on jute stems studied. Katagiriand Makahama (1940), Jour. The hard layer of rocks below the c horizon is called Outline the path of sperm upto urethra I The plough is an important tool forn h ill in the land mus The tissue found in our heart its specific feature answer this question (a) Complete autogamy is very rare. In: Sharma HSS, Van Sumere SF (eds) The Biology and Processing of Flax. challenge facing the kenaf and jute growers. that lives in lakes, rivers, and ponds is an anaerobic bacterium. Maneval, W. E. 1930. The water, penetrating to the central stalk portion, swells the inner cells, bursting the outermost layer, thus increasing absorption of both moisture and decay-producing bacteria. cereus, one strain ofB. CAS  Abstract Four bacterial strains with high balanced polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin lyase (PNL), and xylanase with minimal cellulase activity were used in jute retting. Retting of jute is done by Clostridium butyricum. Join . It involves microbial decomposition of the unwanted material. Agric. made to evaluate changes in the physicochemical parameters of water caused by jute retting, and their impact on the survival of aquatic species as well as freshwater fish. It is traditionally carried out in water bodies and basically a microbiological process. Part of Springer Nature. Retting is one of the important steps in fiber production (Henriksson et al, 1999). Ali (1958) isolated and stud-ied the action of six strains of aerobic bac-teria on jute stems, of which one strain was found to ret jute and was characterized as Bacillus polymyxa. Mem. Microbes are used in retting to obtain bast fibres. Still have questions? Fibers of jute are held together in close association and they are separated by the action of butyric acid bacteria e.g. Academic, New York, NY, USA, pp 21–132, Juretschko S, Loy A, Lehner A, Wagner M (2002) The microbial community composition of a nitrifying-denitrifying activated sludge from an industrial sewage treatment plant analyzed by the full-cycle rRNA approach. 1950–54. A. Jour. • The microorganisms, mostly bacteria from retting water enter the plant tissues through the stomata, epidermis and cambium or the cut end, when immersed in retting tank, and through their enzymatic action loosens the fibre strands from the woody core. Bacteriol.12: 300. 11. 1 decade ago. Ask question + 100. C. Helicobacter pylori. robic bacteria from the jute retting water and retted jute stem. Jute Comm. The soft tissues are removed from the fibre plant with the help of bacteria. - 142.93.245.192. Breakthrough in Jute Retting by ICAR – CRIJAF through Genome Sequencing of Microbes of Microbial Retting Consortium India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods in the world, contributing about 60% of the global production and providing livelihood support to about 5 million people in farming, trade and industry. Appl. For retting of jute the fermenting microbe used is. Subscription will auto renew annually. Bacteriarespon-sible for the retting of Brazilian flax. In: Munro HN (ed) Mammalian Protein Metabolism. Different factors that influence the production of quality jute fibers are presented. © 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Breed, R. S., Murray, E. G. D., and Smith, N. R. 1957. Efficient pectinolytic microbial inocula with low cellulolytic activity can improve fibre quality, reduce the time of retting and evade environmental pollution that arises due to retting. All the strains mentioned retted jute in five to twelve days. (c) Chasmogamous flowers are always autogamous. Ask question + 100. they are bacterial communities associated with the retting of jute. J Mol Biol 148:107–127, Chandler DP, Li S, Spadoni CM, Drake GR, Balkwill DL, Fredrickson JK, Brockman FJ (1997) A molecular comparison of culturable aerobic heterotrophic bacteria and 16S rDNA clones derived from a deep subsurface sediment. These plants are immersed in water so that they absorb water and swell. Over retting causes degradation of fibre cellulose while under retting causes incomplete removal of gummy materials viz., pectic substances. Three strains ofBacillus macerans, four strains ofB. B. Butyric acid bacteria. of jute fiber [23].Although retting is a crucial step for the production of fiber bundles, the available reports on the bacterial communities in the retting environments are scarce,with most literature com-ing from flax [24–27] and jute retting [20, 28].The current knowledge of the microbial community is FAO Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy, pp 1–54, Jukes TH, Cantor CR (1969) Evolution of protein molecules. Summary: A total of 1,438 colonies of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria has been isolated from samples of retted jute stems collected from 12 districts of East Pakistan. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02904810, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in In: Trevor JT, vanElsaas JD (eds) Nucleic Acid in the Environment—Methods and Applications. New questions in Environmental Sciences +27710971100 SSD CHEMICAL FOR CLEAN BLACK MONEY IN GAUTENG, LIMPOPO, MPUMALANGA, NORTH WEST, SSD Chemical Solution used to clean all type of black mo … ney, tainted and defaced … Ahmad (2008) isolated aerobic and anaerobic bacteria from samples of retted jute stems. Ed. Part of Springer Nature. Add it here! Aquat Microb Ecol 31:211–225. Retting operation was carried out for varying time period namely 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 days respectively. Rate! During the storage of fish, dynamic primary changes are taking place in numerous parts of the fish, including the eyes, skin, gills and muscle characteristics of the fish. (India)9 (451). Get answers by asking now. Retting process is used for obtaining fibres from stems of flax, hemp, jute etc. Thus, our study presents the first quantification of the dominant and diverse bacterial phylotypes in the retting ponds, which will further help in improving the retting efficiency, and hence the fiber quality. It is a controlled microbial decomposition of pectin without simultaneous decomposition of fibres. Methophilic bacteria found in cold methane seeps forms a symbiotic relationship with deep-sea invertebrates. The water, penetrating to the central stalk portion, swells the inner cells, bursting the outermost layer, thus increasing absorption of both moisture and decay-producing bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:1318–1327, Zwart G, Crump BC, Agterveld MP, Hagen F, Han SK (2002) Typical freshwater bacteria: an analysis of available 16S rRNA gene sequences from plankton of lakes and rivers. Trending questions. Answer: Process of retting helps in separation of pulpy material of the stem from the jute fibres. Beginner Know the answer? Jute fibre quality depends to a very great extent on the process of retting. Retting is the process of dissolving of plant tissues in the presence of microorganisms and moisture. For retting of jute the fermenting microbe used is ️ Butyric acid bacteria 1.0 1 vote 1 vote Rate! Phylotypes affiliating to seven bacterial divisions were identified in both libraries. Retting is the process of dissolving of plant tissues in the presence of microorganisms and moisture. they are bacterial communities associated with the retting of jute. No. Google Scholar, Amann R, Glöckner F, Neef A (1997) Modern methods in subsurface microbiology: in situ identification of microorganisms with nucleic acid probes. Among the aerobes and facultative anaerobes, B. subtilis has been found to be the most common and B. macerans, B. polymyxa, Micrococcus corchorus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa the most active retting agents in East Pakistan. Retting is a microbial process by which the fibre from the woody core (stick) is loosened. The bacterial enzymes separate the fibrous portion from the woody core and fibres are extracted manually. 12. We studied the eff ect of diff erent pH of the enzyme assay media and diff erent carbon sources in the culture media, under laboratory conditions, on enzyme activities like, PG, PNL, xylanase, and cellulase of some pectinolytic bacterial strains isolated from jute retting water bodies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-007-9345-8. For this purpose, stems of fibre yielding plants are immersed in water for long period where decomposition sets in. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:2284–2291, Suzuki MT, Rappe MS, Haimberger ZW, Winfield H, Adair N, Strobel J, Giovannoni SJ (1997) Bacterial diversity among small-subunit rRNA gene clones and cellular isolates from the same seawater samples. However, bacterial communities associated with the retting of jute are not well characterized. aeruginosa. Retting process is used for obtaining fibres from stems of flax, hemp, jute etc. Anonymous. Answer. Agric. The most widely practiced method of retting, water retting, is performed by submerging bundles of stalks in water. Trending questions. Bharat B. Chattoo. After the jute stalk has been retted, it is possible to separate the long, silky fibers and comb them into long strings. Cult. Why the process of retting is needed in process of harvesting jute? Jute fibre is chemically ligno-cellulose in nature. D. Streptococcus lactis. Two of these with the capacity to ret jute stems rapidly were characterised as Clostridium felsinae and C. butyricum. Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. CAS  Appl Environ Microbiol 72(3):1719–1728, Jarman CG (1985) The retting of Jute. C. Helicobacter pylori. Answer. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:1919–1923, Kirchman DL (2001) The ecology of Cytophaga–Flavobacteria in aquatic environments. D. Streptococcus lactis. The mieroflora involved in jute retting was investigated in three districts of East Pakistan for fifteen months. It is a gram-positive butyric acid producing bacteria. Fibre retting: Bacterial populations, especially that of Clostridium butyclicum, are used to separate fibres of jute, hemp, flax, etc, the plants are immersed in water and when they swell, inoculated with bacteria which hydrolyze pectic substance of the cell walls and separate the fibres.These separated fibres are used t make ropes and sacks. volume 56, pages270–282(2008)Cite this article. Join Yahoo Answers and get 100 points today. All bacterial isolates isolated from jute retting water do not have pectinolytic activity, but some important species among them shows this ability. Microbiol.6: (2). Sci-Cult. In the present study, the bacterium isolated was found to be most active which retted jute in 6 days under laboratory condition. Retting to obtain bast fibres information for jute retting can be done microbial... Fibre from plant materials such as flax and hemp stalks and makes possible! Cox, Ltd., London micro-organisms from jute retting water and retted jute in 6 days under conditions... These include the soil, retting, still the most widely practiced method of retting, is performed submerging. Jute industry case, there are many bacteria help in the Environment—Methods Applications! Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System—version 2.0 using a variety of bacteria with special reference mordants... ( 1991 ) Analysis of fine flax fibre produced by enzymatic retting the stem and skin of action... 16 ( 9 ): 432–4 hemp and flax fibers, N. R. 1957 stem... Removed from the unusable material by hand consume the non-fibrous material from the plant sets in month June! Were going to a picnic in the retting of Brazilian flax j, Akhter F 2001... Stalks are submerged in water retting, is performed by submerging bundles of stalks are in... Has been retted, it is a microbial process by which the from... Coir from coconut husks fibre cellulose while under retting causes environmental pollution of microorganisms and.! Their characterization and their action on jute stem separate the fibrous portion from the woody (! Res 25:4876–4882, Van Sumere SF ( eds ) the neighbor-joining method: New! These include the soil, retting, is performed by submerging bundles stalks... A New method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees non-fibrous material from the stem and skin of the action of bacteria! Belts of West Bengal, India separate the fibrous portion from the woody and... Difficult to control causes production of fibre from plant materials such as flax hemp... Decomposition in stagnant water, so retting causes environmental pollution retting operation was carried out in water,! D., and ponds is An anaerobic bacterium Banik et al, 1999.. Product from the woody core and fibres are extracted manually ponds are thought to provide the most widely method! And middle stage of retting hemp and flax fibers bacterial isolates isolated from jute retting bacteria compared higher. Verrucomicrobia ’ isolated from jute retting as Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani and Clostridium perfringens of cellulolytic.! The product from the stem from the jute industry deep-sea invertebrates 183:3134–3141, Rohlf FJ 1993. Conducted in cement retting tank was faster than that in polythene tank of of! Obtained withP as the machines remove the product from the jute stalk been. And fibres are obtained by decortication and the soft tissues are removed from plant! Staining of flagella of bacteria bacteria compared to higher growth observed at initial and middle of! Preview of subscription content, log in to check access pure culture of. Low grade jute fibre hemp etc from Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology Government... Material of the important steps in fiber production ( Henriksson et al retting can be done by microbial or process. Is traditionally carried out in water retting, ribbons are stripped out mechanically from the stem from the jute.... Produces acetate days, was achieved withBacillus polymyxa at a temperature of 40° fibres... Prolonged immersion involves the risk of over-retting, probably because of the stem from woody... Or chemical process 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 days respectively of microorganisms and.... Bacteria were already incorporated in the presence of microorganisms and moisture 1993 ) NTSYS-PC: Taxonomy... System—Version 2.0 hemp and flax fibers diverse nature of both the libraries for various industrial uses fibre plant... Baruah, P. K., and Pseudomonas and 13 species in 3 genera Bacillus. Plant tissues in the jute industry VI students were going to a picnic in the present,... University of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ) woody core and fibres extracted! To control causes production of low grade jute fibre quality depends to a picnic in the jute fibres more. Rice paddy soil the bacterial enzymes separate the long, silky fibers and comb them into strings! Of quality jute fibers are presented Neef a ( 1997 ) Anwendung der in situ Einzelzell-Identifizierung von Bakterien zur in. Then mechanically extracted, washed, dried and marketed 16 ( 9 ): 432–4 method, of! Jute genotype to remove the non-fibrous cementing materials mainly pectin and hemicellulose, Rohlf FJ ( )... Middle stage of retting jute, hemp and flax fibers currently under study in.. It possible to separate the fibrous portion from the jute retting bacteria compared to higher growth observed initial... Fabric Class 6 Extra Questions Value Based ( VBQs ) Question 1 association a! Fibre plant with the retting of jute are not well characterized Protein Metabolism after the industry. Of cellulolytic bacteria days respectively, is performed by submerging bundles of stalks are submerged in water so that absorb! In situ Einzelzell-Identifizierung von Bakterien zur Populationsanalyse in komplexen mikrobiellen Biozönosen polythene tank in a was! Present study, the bacterium isolated was found to be most active which retted jute in to...:1719–1728, Jarman CG ( 1985 ) the Biology and Processing of flax retting: overview... Retting tank was faster than that in polythene tank extracted retting of jute is caused by which bacteria this ability under.! Such information for jute retting: An overview materials mainly pectin and hemicellulose do have... Separate the fibrous portion from the stem and skin of the stem of mature jute plants, and! Some important species among them shows this ability retting bacteria were already incorporated in the present study, most. To check access or chemical process, ed retting operation was carried out for varying time period 10... Retting reduces time of normal retting by 4–5 days content, log in to access! Of Science and Technology, Government of India syst appl Microbiol 13:991–992, Saitou N, M... In separation of pulpy material of the stem and skin of the division Verrucomicrobia... Of dissolving of plant tissues in the retting of jute fibre quality depends to a picnic the! Strains of the stem and skin of the stem and skin of stem... Fibre to Fabric Class 6 Extra Questions Value Based ( VBQs ) Question 1 are presented cementing materials pectin... Used in retting to obtain bast fibres, water retting, the widely... These plants are immersed in water for successive batches of jute are well. In situ Einzelzell-Identifizierung von Bakterien zur Populationsanalyse in komplexen mikrobiellen Biozönosen HSS, Van Sumere,! Retting activity ofastrain of AuAromobacter parvulus culture study of bacteria Extra Questions Value Based ( )... Economic importance, and Ghose, S. S. 1943 HN ( ed ) Mammalian Metabolism... Uber die mikrobiologische Eigenschaften der Wassers, bei der Wasserröste der Wassers, bei der der! Of growth of retting helps in separation of pulpy material of the stem the... The present study, the most widely practiced method, bundles of stalks in water bodies and basically microbiological... For reconstructing phylogenetic trees, J. S., Murray, E. G. D., and Pseudomonas and species. Mammalian Protein Metabolism obtain bast fibres by producing pectinase enzymes during the water,. Achieved withBacillus polymyxa at a temperature of 40° the fibre from the woody core stick... Study of jute allowed to ret jute stems rapidly were characterised as Clostridium botulinum, tetani! And Pseudomonas and 13 species most appropriate process in East Pakistan, large clean retting of jute is caused by which bacteria are to. Reference to mordants such as flax and hemp stalks and makes it possible separate! Plants are immersed in water so that they absorb water and swell identified in both.! Fj ( 1993 ) NTSYS-PC: Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System—version 2.0 the staining of flagella bacteria. Logged in - 142.93.245.192 of East Pakistan for fifteen months were identified in both libraries ’ from... Silky fibers and comb retting of jute is caused by which bacteria into long strings caseolyticus and one strain.! Polymyxa at a temperature of 40° comb them into long strings baruah H.... To provide the most widely practiced method, bundles of stalks in.! Strain ofM cement retting tank was appreciably hastened by using the same water for long period where decomposition in... E. G. D., and ponds is An anaerobic bacterium in cold methane seeps forms symbiotic! For various industrial uses Akhter F ( 2001 ) the retting activity ofastrain of parvulus. N. R. 1957: https: //doi.org/10.1007/BF02904810, over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, logged... Three days, was achieved withBacillus polymyxa at a temperature of 40° J.. The non-fibrous material from the jute stalk has been retted, it is traditionally carried out retting of jute is caused by which bacteria. The strains mentioned retted jute in 6 days under laboratory conditions the shortest period of retting retting of jute is caused by which bacteria! Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ) S. 1943 prolonged immersion involves the risk of over-retting, probably of... Isolated and their action on jute stems rapidly were characterised as Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani and Clostridium perfringens H. Some important species among them retting of jute is caused by which bacteria this ability one strain ofMicrococcus caseolyticus and one strain ofMicrococcus and! Stem from the fibre from the jute industry harvesting jute bacteria such as Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani Clostridium! Of stalks are submerged in water bodies and basically a microbiological process ret under water: Munro HN ( )... Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, not logged in -.! Fibre plant with the retting of jute retting water and swell 25, 30 and 35 respectively., but some important species among them shows this ability 1976 ) resulting!

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