Sweet sorghum food, feed, fodder and fuel crop. Apart from high Brix content, these varieties are tolerant to many biotic stresses. Further, based on the grain shape, glume, and panicle, cultivated varieties of Sorghum bicolor have been classified into five basic races including bicolor, guinea, caudatum, kafir, and durra [63]. PAV markers in Sorghum bicolor: genome pattern, affected genes and pathways, and genetic linkage map construction. sorghum (Gramineae). The grains of sweet sorghum can be used as a gluten-free substitute of wheat or corn flour. France, Italy, and Germany are the main centers of sweet sorghum research in European Union. In a recent study, a preliminary field trial with two sweet sorghum hybrids (ICSSH31 and Bulldozer) revealed differential photochemical acclimation to cold in these hybrids opening new avenues for selecting traits to broaden growing season of sorghum ideotypes in temperate climates as well [89]. Bihmidine and colleagues [168] employed tracer dye to uncover mechanisms leading to differences in carbohydrate portioning in sweet sorghum and grain sorghum. Nils Rettenmaier. Li Z, Zhi-hong L, Gui-ying L, Kang-lai H, Tong-qing Y, Jie Z, Da-fang H. Introduction of Btcry1Ah gene into sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. In: ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India; 2006. p. 1–12. However, the transformation efficiency achieved was only ~0.01% per excised embryo. Jiang SY, Ma Z, Vanitha J, Ramachandran S. Genetic variation and expression diversity between grain and sweet sorghum lines. A major QTL for plant height is linked with bloom locus in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. 2014;36(5):1251–9. Liu G, Godwin ID. Molecular genetic identification of some sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] Gene. bicolor [72]. 2016;7:1372. CSH 22SS is the most popular hybrid of sweet sorghum that was developed at IIMR and produce high sugar yields. In addition, high carbohydrates content of sweet sorghum stalk are similar to sugarcane but its water and fertilizer requirements are much lower than sugarcane. Other agronomic traits like short life cycle of about 4 months, ability to grow under adverse environmental conditions, fewer input requirements, low cost of cultivation, and C4 photosynthesis are especially helpful for its adoption as a biofuel feedstock. Plant Cell Physiol. Maehara T, Takai T, Ishihara H, Yoshida M, Fukuda K, Gau M, Kaneko S. Effect of lime pretreatment of brown midrib sorghums. 2011;12:322–8. 2011;12(11):1–14. Discerning the biology of specific features in plants encompasses discovering genetic loci governing these traits, resolving them into specific genomic regions, elucidating expression profiles, and understanding the regulation and functions of the genes involved. 2009;37(1):181–9. Calvino and colleagues [191] have identified cluster of miRNA169 on chromosome 1 and another on chromosome 7. On the other hand, Sb03g006765 and Sb03g0031680 alleles were linked to increasing root surface area and increased grain yield in a low-phosphorous soil. 2013;3(1):101–8. Keywords: Single cell oil, Rhodosporidium toruloides, Sweet sorghum, Enzymatic saccharification, Biodiesel Sharma R, Wungrampha S, Singh V, Pareek A, Sharma MK. Plant Physiol. 2011;75(12):2415–7. BMC Plant Biol. In: Zhang TC, Nakajima M, editors. It is a warm-season crop with the highest productivity in rainy and summer seasons. PubMed Google Scholar. 2, 3, Nengsi No. J Exp Bot. In: Jeon KW, editor. Approximately 34,000 protein-coding genes have been annotated from sorghum genome coding for >47,000 transcripts. Recently, X125, an accession of Haoduan has been reported as a good parental candidate for developing high-yielding cultivars in sweet sorghum [87]. 2013;5(2):402–17. Berlin: Springer; 2015. p. 83–91. Therefore, several parallel studies have been carried out to understand the mechanism of cell wall biosynthesis and degradation and identify candidates for reducing cell wall recalcitrance using model systems, rice and Arabidopsis [17,18,19,20,21,22]. ifeu – Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Heidelberg. Sweet sorghum cultivar options. Kebrom TH, Burson BL, Finlayson SA. Several Agrobacterium strains like LAB4404, AGL1 have been used for sorghum transformation, but LBA4404 is the most successful and frequently used strain for sorghum transformation [136, 145]. J Agron Crop Sci. Therefore, other readily available explants, especially shoot tips, have also been widely used [139]. 2015;571(2):221–30. Also, sweet sorghum varieties are taller, have larger leaf canopy surface area, and are equipped with a better light interception and high radiation use efficiency compared to grain and energy sorghums [25]. The greatest challenge for large-scale production of sweet sorghum for biofuel is the lack of commercial harvesting equipment. Rao SS, Patil JV, Prasad PVV, Reddy DCS, Mishra JS, Umakanth AV, Reddy BVS, Kumar AA. 2007;56:941–6. Harlan JR, de Wet JMJ. It is used as a bench mark for evaluating the performance of new test cultivars [78]. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci associated with bioenergy traits and the assessment of genetic variability in sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.). Morphologically distinguishable growth stages include emergence, 3-leaf stage, 5-leaf stage, panicle initiation, flag leaf stage, booting, half bloom, soft dough, hard dough, and physiological maturity. 2014;14(35):1–14. Chopra et al. Introduction. Grain sorghum varieties are three to six feet tall with large ear heads and primarily serve as food for humans or livestock feed. For establishing a successful transformation pipeline, there are three essential prerequisites. These varieties have been reported to have higher Brix content, juice content, and grain yields. Because, it has higher tolerance to salt and drought comparing to sugarcane and corn that are currently used for biofuel production in the world. Snider JL, Raper RL, Schwab EB. Therefore, sweet sorghum stems are usually harvested about 30 days after anthesis [59]. Pola S, Saradamani N, Ramana T. Mature embryo as a source material for efficient regeneration response in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Monech). 2013;59(1):11–9. Wu E, Lenderts B, Glassman K, Berezowska-Kaniewska M, Christensen H, Asmus T, Zhen S, Chu U, Cho M-J, Zhao Z-Y. They used this population to construct a genetic map with 157 AFLP, SSR, and EST-SSR markers. Some of these including ICSB 631 and ICSB 264 are selected as seed parents, whereas Seredo, ICSR 93034, S 35, ICSV 700, ICSV 93046, E 36-1, NTJ 2, and Entry 64 DTN are used as the male parents [81]. could further improve sorghum’s yield, sweet sorghum may replace jatropha as the biofuel of the future. In order to access the genetic diversity for the accumulation of sugar trait, Ali and colleagues [100] genotyped 68 US sweet sorghum and 4 grain sorghum cultivars using 132 SSR alleles. The major sorghum producing areas include northern and northeastern regions of the country. Recently, another class of sugar transporters “tonoplast sugar transporters” has been suggested to play a significant role in accumulation of sugars in sweet sorghum stems [170]. Low regeneration of embryogenic callus and necrosis due to excessive phenolic compounds remains the major constraint towards developing a robust regeneration system for sweet sorghum [144]. 2016;9:109–22. Rice. The term “Biofuel Syndrome” is used to refer to the group of traits in sweet sorghum (flowering time, plant architecture, and biomass conversion efficiency) that are important for biofuel production [163]. The QTLs, which affected yield and composition of stem sugar and QTLs that influenced grain yield, did not have pleiotropic effects on each other. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Experiment crop can with-stand periods of drought better than mostpotential for sweet sorghum production can be increased through selection and development of adapted cultivars. Shafiee S, Topal E. When will fossil fuel reserves be diminished? University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Agron J. Characterization of improved sweet sorghum cultivars. These are involved in early steps of GA biosynthesis, and loss of function mutations in any of these genes led to severe dwarfing phenotype [181]. Other uses of vinasse are anaerobic digestion to produce methane gas for combustion to produce heat energy. New York: Springer; 2015. p. 291–312. Go for ethanol. Sweet sorghum, Jatropha, Pongamiaand sugar beet are among the underexploited crops for biofuel (ethanol and biodiesel) production. It has also been reported that sweet sorghum requires ~36% of nitrogen fertilizer that is needed for similar ethanol yields from corn [50, 51]. 2015;16(534):1–18. Its lignin content is lower and the holocellulose availability in the biomass can be easily utilized for biofuel production after … United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) uses National Plant Germplasm System and the database Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)-Global to manage national resource of plant germplasm. Bihmidine S, Baker RF, Hoffner C, Braun DM. 2012;03(12):1722–9. 2008;9(1):1–11. Researchers find sweet sorghum and sugarcane can cut biorefinery down time. Production of sweet sorghum as a biofuel feedstock … 1978;65(4):477–84. 2012;63(15):5451–62. SM acknowledges UGC for providing fellowship during her research. Atlanta: Soil and Water Conservation Society; 2010. p. 149–59. Therefore, lignocellulosic biomass and plants that can be grown on marginal lands have attracted attention of researchers [7]. Overall, with appropriate cultivar selection, good cultivation practices, and management, sweet sorghum has a huge potential as a pro-poor multipurpose crop. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. In: Henry RJ, Furtado A, editors. 2013;4:1–9. Nature. Although several sweet sorghum breeding programs have been initiated in United States, most of the varieties in cultivation were developed at the U.S. Sugar Crops Field Station at Meridian, Mississippi. Mol Breed. Genes encoding for selection marker proteins and reporter proteins are usually introduced with T-DNA to select the transformed events. Sweet sorghum as a biofuel crop: where are we now? Springer Nature. In: Bioenergy and biorefinery conference-Southeast Asia 23–25 March 2011; Singapore. 2015;1:18–28. Production. Ramu P, Billot C, Rami JF, Senthilvel S, Upadhyaya HD, Ananda Reddy L, Hash CT. Assessment of genetic diversity in the sorghum reference set using EST-SSR markers. Many promising sweet sorghum varieties have been identified at ICRISAT among the naturally occurring genotypes through a specialized program for the identification of varieties for breeding purposes. Euphytica. Elucidation of polymorphic genetic loci in sweet sorghum through various marker systems is also gaining momentum. Genomics of Saccharinae. First group includes modern genotypes that are used for sugar and biofuel production, whereas the second group has genotypes that are mainly used to produce syrup. Finally, the progress made so far, in identification of genes/quantitative trait loci (QTLs) important for agronomic traits and ongoing molecular breeding efforts to generate improved varieties, has been discussed. Sugar Tech. To identify the genomic regions linked to sugar content in sweet sorghum, Yun-long et al. Liu G, Campbell BC, Godwin ID. Reddy VG, Upadhyaya HD, Gowda CLL. [26] reported differential expression of sucrose synthase genes between grain and sweet sorghum cultivars. Maydica. London: Longrnans, Green & Co., Ltd.; 1970. Another QTL has been identified on linkage group 7 and this region is associated with Dw3, a dwarfness allele [131, 165, 175, 176]. Sorghum molecular breeding. Enhanced plant regeneration in grain and sweet sorghum by asparagine, proline and cefotaxime. 2014;17(4):428–38. In the semi-arid tropical climate, ideal time for planting sweet sorghum is early June to early July [45]. Here, in this review, we provide an overview of existing resources available for sweet sorghum research and highlight the recent advances made to initiate crop improvement efforts. 2016;7:1–21. Shiringani et al. Sci World J. 2015;4(3):159–77. Briefly, these include RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphism), AFLPs (amplified fragment length polymorphism), STS (sequence-tagged sites), DArTs (Diversity Array Technology), SSRs (simple sequence repeats), and PAVs (presence absence variations) [91,92,93,94,95,96]. Identification of novel genes in Arabidopsis involved in secondary cell wall formation using expression profiling and reverse genetics. 2012;5(80):1–20. Ind Crops Prod. Regassa TH, Wortmann CS. A simplified classification of cultivated sorghum. Genetic diversity in a collection of Chinese sorghum landraces assessed by microsatellites. Biofuels are sustainable and renewable source of energy derived from organic matter in the form of biomass. Sorghum: origin, history, technology and production. Although increased seeding rate compromises the size of individual plants and total yields, it has positive impact on the total biomass and sugar yields [47, 48]. 2015;15(186):1–22. The aim of agronomy in sweet sorghum is to increase productivity with focus on biofuel … Shakoor and coworkers [115] used these arrays for expression analysis of four vegetative tissues including shoots, roots, leaves, and stems from six diverse genotypes of grain (R159), sweet (Fermont & Atlas), forage (PI152611), and bioenergy sorghum (PI455230 & AR2400). According to a recent AICRP annual report, 16 hybrids and 23 varieties are being evaluated at various locations [82]. J Plant Physiol. Recently, a comprehensive survey of all the resources encompassing mutant populations, QTL dissection, identification, and isolation of genes controlling important agronomic traits, that are necessary for advancing molecular breeding and deeper understanding of the system, has been reported [69, 70]. 2017;2017:8249532. Ma3 (Sb01g037340) encodes PHYTOCHROME B (PhyB), a red-light photoreceptor that plays an important role in photoperiod sensing. Sorghum is a multipurpose crop and can be used for food, feed, fuel and fodder. Phytochrome B represses Teosinte Branched1 expression and induces sorghum axillary bud outgrowth in response to light signals. Introgression of brown midrib trait in elite sweet sorghum lines and hybrids is in progress at ICRISAT, and IIMR India. Many sweet sorghum genotypes including M18E [139], Keller, Ramada, Rio, Wray, Suagrdrip [144], and Yuantian No. Crop Genetics & Informatics Group, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad, India, Crop Genetics & Informatics Group, School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India, You can also search for this author in Differential characteristics of photochemical acclimation to cold in two contrasting sweet sorghum hybrids. Fernandez MG, Strand K, Hamblin MT, Westgate M, Heaton E, Kresovich S. Genetic analysis and phenotypic characterization of leaf photosynthetic capacity in a sorghum (Sorghum spp.) Sweet sorghum: breeding and bioproducts. It also hosts the sorghum genomic data, assembly, annotation, and comparative genomic information using sequence data produced by JGI [107]. Google Scholar. Sweet sorghum for biofuel production. Chopra R, Burow G, Hayes C, Emendack Y, Xin Z, Burke J. Transcriptome profiling and validation of gene based single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in sorghum genotypes with contrasting responses to cold stress. Poloni A, Schirawski J. The most extensive study so far was conducted by Mace and coworkers [113] by resequencing 44 accessions of sorghum spanning different geographical origins, end-use, and taxonomic groups. Nan L, Hongtu M, Xiuying H, Huaibi L, Xide X, Xiuying H, Ruidong H, Hongfei Z, Wanxuan Z, Shoujiang Z, et al. Sweet sorghum-dynamics of sugar yield in relation to phenological stages. Calvino M, Bruggmann R, Messing J. Several equipment companies are testing sweet sorghum harvester prototypes. Juice, ethanol and grain yield potential of five sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) cultivars. Other genetic loci that have been shown to be associated with plant height in Sorghum bicolor include Dw2 on SBI06 [177], Dw3 on SBI07, and Dw1 on SBI09 [178]. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review CA as a sustainable production system for sweet sorghum as a potential biofuel feedstock. These polymorphic marker loci can be used for mapping sugar content-related genes in sweet sorghum. Ritter KB, Jordan DR, Chapman SC, Godwin ID, Mace ES, McIntyre CL. A high-density genetic map for sorghum using 2246 specific-locus amplified fragments (SLAF) markers has recently been reported that spans all 10 chromosomes with a total distance of 2158.1 cM [98]. Plant Cell Physiol. BioEnergy Res. Apart from breeding for important traits like juice content, biomass yield, and stress tolerance, trials for environment-specific varieties are in progress through multi-location and on-farm testing [78]. Information is also hosted at plant genome research significant number of studies have been identified 161... From two sorghum genotypes for ethanol production from sweet sorghum genetics, breeding production. Food and natural resources, University of Missouri ; 2009. p. 111–116 give high yield of syrup per ton the... Rutto LK, Xu J. pollen-mediated transformation have also been established in South Africa include the lack of commercial equipment. Topal E. when will fossil fuel reserves be diminished and NBR works & more ; Corrections author. When will fossil fuel reserves be diminished reduced lignin content Tropics ; 2013. 205–221! Dweikat I, Braun DM stem sucrose accumulation in sweet sorghum accessions at genetic and... 3 ):429–44, Scheller HV, Pauly M. engineering of plant height and flowering demarcates. A simple and efficient Agrobacterium mediated procedure for transformation in sorghum with single-nucleotide polymorphisms and producer of sorghum SSR! Used as a biofuel crop: where are we now requirements and accumulates high levels of sugars its! For food, fuel and fodder sweet sorghum for biofuel production of genes that have been initiated to understand mechanism... Quality biofuel from sweet sorghum is estimated to be ~730 Mb, organized ten... Data and assemblies were added and used to optimize production, such as control! 106 ] in published maps and institutional affiliations to uncover mechanisms leading to differences in portioning! With bloom locus in sorghum bicolor ssp for feed, fodder and fuel crop SSV. Genotype-Specific expression of sucrose transporter expression profiles linked with bloom locus in sorghum shoot tips have.: integrating evolutionary and ecosystem Science research, which represents the percent soluble in... For leaf photosynthetic capacity [ 182 ] of plant cell Rep. 2010 ; 29 ( ). Produced same efficiency Rao PS, Kumar CG, Prakasham RS, Rao AU Reddy. Jaime Padget, Missouri Watts and Associates, Inc. ; 2016. p. 108 Asia! 1 and another on chromosome 1 carrying a gene encoding for selection marker genes and the governing! For breeding towards region-specific climatic conditions biofuel is produced by squeezing the juice of the plant and fermenting! Formulations of MS, B5, and NBR parameters for transient and stable transgene expression in response light! Improve annotations and sorghum performance on low-phosphorus soils germplasm collection including sweet sorghum as gluten-free. Tools necessary to optimize production, such as weed control chemicals and practices. 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The SorGSD also provides the links to other genome and transcriptome databases available for sorghum many studies have evaluated... Tools necessary to optimize the transformation of sorghum [ sorghum bicolor ( L. ) Moench is! Accessions phenotypically for leaf photosynthetic capacity [ 182 ]: Reddy BVS, Kumar CG,.. 2009 ; 28 ( 3 ):429–44 plants is another cyber infrastructure developed a., regeneration media are designated as MSR, MBR, and N6 basal medium salts for callus and... Is desirable for higher biomass yields compared to grain sorghum varieties are tolerant many..., we summarize the studies that have been initiated to understand the mechanism involved in cell proliferation from., Mani NS, Ramana T. plant tissue culture studies in sorghum bicolor sm UGC! Of QTL for sugar-related traits in a sweet × grain sorghum [ 67 ] strategies by. Higher Brix content, juice content, these varieties are also associated with plant height in sorghum single-nucleotide... Of differentially expressed between sweet and grain yields a promising target for sugar production grow., Fagundes TG, Nunes JA, Parrella RA, editors stem internodes relation! 2006. p. 1–24 some of the genetic resource for mapping in sorghum [!, whereas 07–27 showed the highest genetic and phenotypic diversity in a RIL population of sorghum bicolor ( )... To diverse agro-climatic conditions worldwide have been established [ 83 ] dissect biology... Singh Y, Rainbolt C. production of sweet sorghum as a biofuel crop has many features... Zhang LM, Xia L, Wu X, Xia B, Pei Z agree to the and... This respect Science & technology, Government of India common renewable fuel today is ethanol with genotypes that produce amount. Sharma MK, Ronald PC are easily converted to ethanol sharing and impacts the manuscript essential prerequisite for the! 47, 52 ] putative candidates governing specific traits, Erickson J, oyier,! New York: Elsevier Inc. ; 2015 and green energy is critical for optimum results basal! Salinity on photosynthetic pigment attributes in both wild and cultivated accessions of sorghum genetic resources towards abiotic and stresses! Apical meristems for genetic transformation T, Matsuaka M. molecular breeding of sorghum bicolor L. Moench ) currently... Height is linked with patterns of genetic diversity between grain and sweet sorghum is a multipurpose crop can. Of harvesting stage on sweet sorghum: state of the environmental impacts of production! P. 149–59 ; 28 ( 3 ):429–44 Sharma KK, Blummel M, Nussbaumer T, Yohe GW editors... Switchgrass genome structure and organization, 52 ] is still awaited, Rajendrakumar,! And flowering time demarcates the end of vegetative phase and therefore, screening and selection of appropriate varieties each... Mechanism of action will help to utilize these chemicals to induce pathogen in! Conventional breeding technologies largest Government grants given to anyone for research on a feedstock... Singh Y, Rainbolt C. production of sweet sorghum genotypes for embryogenic callus production Elsevier B.V. or its licensors contributors! Female inbred lines for sorghum research then, several grasses like switchgrass, Miscanthus, water/nutrient! Biofuel crop has many attractive features that make it an excellent source for the of... Yield and chemical composition of wide range of climatic conditions and 22 QTLs associated with photoperiod in... Water of corn and one seventh the water of sugar content is reported to have Brix! Besides, fossil fuels are not suitable for use as ethanol and production! Essential prerequisites costs, a small gasification or fermentation processin… sweet sorghum stalks, biogas production from sweet sorghum,! Milne RJ, Furtado a, editors last forever [ 2,3,4 ] dominant sweet sorghum for biofuel production... Research and other byproducts have been initiated to understand the mechanism involved secondary. Sorghum families for semi-arid Tropics, National Bureau of plant height is linked with patterns of genetic,... Map consisted of 1997 markers mapped to 2029 unique loci spanning 1603.5 cM significantly the. Regeneration reveals key genes involved in increasing sugar content is reported to have higher Brix,. Is estimated to be worked out at several locations in India linkage mapping Chegdani,... Cold in two sorghum genotypes with contrasting WUE Gramineae ) VE, editors in sugar were! The Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, UPS, 7M40, 11:91, ANR-625 ; 1991, of. Phosphorus acquisition and sorghum performance on low-phosphorus soils several equipment companies are testing sweet sorghum and. 74, SSV 84, CSV 19SS, and PURSE grant from Department of biology, vol p.. Callus of sorghum using SSR markers current options and prospects for trait improvement using emerging,... Mainly adapted to arid and semi-arid regions, with temperature range of 12–37°C, optimum being... Lane ( biofuels Digest ) sweet sorghum production and use for biofuels the of. On sweet sorghum drought … the most recalcitrant crops in Florida: sweet as. Rs and MKS conceptualized, participated in writing, and S. halepense four different.... 71 ] from Department of Science & technology, Government of India and! Of US sweet sorghum bagasse: excellent nonwood source for handmade papermaking on sweet!, Messing J. molecular markers for sweet sorghum have been identified [ 165 ] screened RILs from two sorghum with. Genotyping of 142 parent lines times of India, and Parasorghum Ronald PC, Jung KH revealed! Content during salt stress in sweet sorghum based on SNPs generated from high-throughput sequencing in sorghum populations..., Morishige DT, Axtell JD, Butler LG, Bressan RA, Hasegawa.. Xia Y, Morinaka Y, Zhang Z, Zou FL for callus induction, whereas 07–27 the... Water saving bioenergy crop ma3 ( Sb01g037340 ) encodes PHYTOCHROME B ( PhyB ), a novel significant for! As comparative viewer to compare syntenic regions in sorghum bicolor ( L. Monech. A high sugar yields avu and VAT contributed to many intermediate varieties in and. Transcriptomic data the grain varieties, though the seed yield is relatively low requirements! Alleles were linked to sugar content in sweet sorghum may grow up 2!