2015). 2018, Varenhorst and Wagner 2018). 2015), could further increase the use of scouting-based decision making for soybean aphid management. Ragsdale, D. W., D. A. Landis, J. Brodeur, G. E. Heimpel, and N. Desneux. Cypermethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide that mainly affects an insect’s central nervous system, used against a number of insect pests such as aphids, weevils, caterpillars, yellow cereal fly, flea beetles, … Aphid-resistant soybean varieties have proven effective for soybean aphid management, particularly when multiple resistance (Rag) genes are pyramided in individual lines (Hesler et al. In China, laboratory experiments exposing soybean aphid to lambda-cyhalothrin for 40 generations resulted in the development of 76-fold resistance to that insecticide and cross resistance … 3). Integration of multiple preventative and therapeutic tactics (Pedigo and Rice 2009) for soybean aphid management will increase the sustainability of soybean production in the Upper Midwest. Clifton, E. H., G. L. Tylka, and A. J. Gassmann, and E. W. Hodgson. 2016), have been evaluated for soybean aphid management, and could potentially provide for better integration of chemical and biological controls for this pest. Soybean aphid also can affect soybean through transmission of viruses (e.g., Soybean mosaic virus and Alfalfa mosaic virus) (Hill et al. Aphids from these three populations were less sensitive to alpha-cypermethrin compared with KAT (Figure 3). Hanson, A. 2012, Douglas and Tooker 2015, Hurley and Mitchell 2017). For example, host-plant resistance is the cornerstone for many pest management programs (Smith 2005), but is largely lacking in soybean aphid management. Aphis glycines mainly aggregated on the stem of soybean plant while A. solani colonized soybean leaves. Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used to kill insects on cotton and lettuce, and to kill cockroaches, fleas, and termites in houses and other buildings. The LC50 values across all nine populations ranged from 0.6 to 24.57mg a.i./L. Furthermore, research has shown that natural enemies (i.e., predators, parasitic wasps, and entomopathogenic fungi) can play an important role in prevention and suppression of soybean aphid outbreaks (Koch et al. The LC5 of beta-cypermethrin accelerated the reproductive inhibition. 2012b, Clifton et al. 3). 3). Insecticide options are given as examples only and do not imply endorsement of one insecticide versus another nor discrimination against any insecticide not mentioned by the authors or the universities. 2010, Frewin et al. Laboratory bioassays performed in 2017 confirmed resistance to pyrethroids in soybean aphid from the aforementioned states and Manitoba, Canada (R.L.K., unpublished data). Thrips. In the short term, however, cost-effective management of soybean aphid will continue to rely on scouting and threshold-based insecticide applications of the few labeled insecticide groups (Table 1, Fig. Moreover, the two species showed different spatial distribution on soybean seedlings. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (, Striped cucumber Beetle and Western Striped Cucumber Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Invasion Biology and Management of Sweetpotato Whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in China, Overview of Pest Status, Potential Risk, and Management Considerations of, An Overview of the Pepper Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) as a Pest of Greenhouse Peppers, Biology and Management of Navel Orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in California, About Journal of Integrated Pest Management, About the Entomological Society of America, Risk Factors for Resistance Development in Soybean Aphid, Strategies for Management of Insecticide-Resistant Soybean Aphid, http://apps.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/soybean/pest/soybean-aphid/aphid-resistant-soybean/, http://www.irac-online.org/documents/principles-of-irm/?ext=pdf, http://www.irac-online.org/content/uploads/irac_mixture_statement_v1.0_10sept12.pdf, http://www.irac-online.org/documents/moa-classification/, www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/pests/e1143.pdf, http://works.bepress.com/matthew_oneal/37, https://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Chemical_Use/, http://igrow.org/up/resources/03-3042-2017.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, 4. To minimize drift, which could result in an effectively reduced rate of insecticide in the field, only spray under favorable environmental conditions (e.g., wind speeds less than 10 miles per hour, no air temperature inversions). When selecting insecticides, keep in mind that the ‘the primary intention for the use of an insecticide mixture (tank-mix or pre-formulated mixture) is, in most cases, not resistance management but pest management’ (IRAC 2012). Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. - Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid. Table 1 lists the natural and conventional contact insecticides for the … A., J. Menger-Anderson, C. Silverstein, B. D. Potter, I. V. MacRae, E. W. Hodgson, and R. L. Koch. 2017). Aphis glycines and A. solani facilitated each other's colonization on the soybean. However, in 2015 in Minnesota, failures of foliar-applied pyrethroid insecticides were reported and pyrethroid resistance was confirmed with laboratory bioassays using lambda-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin. For example, if a field was treated with a pyrethroid (Group 3A) and a follow-up insecticide application is needed, then an insecticide from different insecticide group, such as an organophosphate (Group 1B), should be selected. 2004). However, the emergence of insecticide-resistant soybean aphids means the scouting of soybean fields 3–5 d after application has now become even more important to determine if the insecticide has provided the expected level of pest control (Fig. 1) (Koch et al. 2012a, Hanson et al. Although multiple pest management tactics are available, such as host-plant resistance and biological control, current management continues to rely almost exclusively on foliar insecticides (Hodgson et al. 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